Writing Support

If you're quoting the exact words of someone else, introduce the quote with an in-text citation in parentheses. Any sentence punctuation goes after the closing parenthesis.

• According to Brown, "Direct quote" (1021).
• Brown found that "Direct quote" (1021).
• [Some other introduction] "Direct quote" (Brown 1021).

If you're directly quoting a long passage, use a block quotation. Block quotations don't need quotation marks. Instead, indent the text as a visual cue that you are citing. The in-text citation in parentheses goes after the punctuation of the quote.

Shavers study found the following:

While research studies have established that socioeconomic status influences disease incidence, severity and access to healthcare, there has been relatively less study of the specific manner in which low SES influences receipt of quality care and consequent morbidity and mortality among patients with similar disease characteristics, particularly among those who have gained access to the healthcare system. (1021)

You only need the author's last name and page number in parentheses.

(Abrams 256)

Connect both authors' last names with "and" and the page number.

(Wegener and Petty 199)

If there are 3 or more authors use et al., which means "and others," and the page number.

(Harris et al. 20)

If the corporate name is used in a parenthetical citation, shorten the name to the shortest noun phrase. For example, the National Academy of Sciences would be shortened to the following:

(National Academy 9)

If no author is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in parentheses

Book with no author (title in italics): (Interpersonal Skills 19)

Article with no author (title in quotations): ("Prevalence of tooth loss" 201)

1. Author(s). Note: Use the format Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. If there are multiple authors, use and before the last author's name.
2. "Title of the Article." Note: Include the title of a shorter work like an article in a journal in quotation marks and use headline-style capitalization.
3. Title of the Journal, Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a journal and use headline-style capitalization.
4. vol. #,
5. no. #, Note: If there is no additional number after the volume, only include the volume number.
6. Publication date,
7. pp. xxx-xxx.

If accessed online or in a library database...

• Database, Note: Use italics for names of databases.
• URL or permalink.

Gosine, Kevin, and Emmanuel Tabi. "Disrupting Neoliberalism and Bridging the Multiple Worlds of Marginalized Youth via Hip-Hop Pedagogy: Contemplating Possibilities." Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, vol. 38, no. 5, 2016, pp. 445-467. Research Gate, doi: 10.1080/10714413.2016.1221712.
 

1. Author(s). Note: Use the format Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. If there are multiple authors, use and before the last author's name.
2. "Title of the Article." Note: Include the title of a shorter work in quotation marks and use headline-style capitalization.
3. Title of the Newspaper or Publisher, Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a newspaper or online publication and use headline-style capitalization.
4. Publication date, Note: Use the formate Date Abbreviated Month Year.
5. URL.

Robinson, Angela. "History Shows Why It's Time for a Black Woman to Sit on the Supreme Court ." The Washington Post, 1 Feb. 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/02/01/history-shows-why-its-time-black-woman-sit-supreme-court/.

Print Book

1. Author(s). Note: Use the format Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. If there are multiple authors, use and before the last author's name.
2. Title of the Book. Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a book and use headline-style capitalization.
3. Edition Note: If there are multiple editions, use the format 1st/2nd/3rd ed.,
4. Publisher,
5. Publication date.

Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. 1st ed., J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1960.

eBook

1. Author(s). Note: Use the format Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. If there are multiple authors, use and before the last author's name.
2. Title of the Book, Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a book and use headline-style capitalization.
3. Editors Note: If there is one editor, use the format edited by Last Name, First Name. If there are multiple editors, use and before the last author's name.
4. Publisher,
5. Publication date.
6. Database, Note: Use italics for names of databases.
7. URL or permalink.

Hughes, Langston. Letters from Langston: From the Harlem Renaissance to the Red Scare and Beyond, edited by Evelyn Louise Crawford and Mary Louise Patterson. University of California Press, 2016. EBSCOhost Academic eBook Collection, http://libproxy.csudh.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e000xna&AN=1105577&site=ehost-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&.
 

1. Author(s) of the Chapter. Note: Use the format Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. If there are multiple authors, use and before the last author's name.
2. "Title of the Chapter." Note: Include the title of a shorter work like a chapter in quotation marks and use headline-style capitalization.
3. Title of the Book, Note: Use italics for the title of a longer work like a book and use headline-style capitalization.
4. Editors Note: If there is one editor, use the format edited by Last Name, First Name. If there are multiple editors, use and before the last author's name.
5. Publisher,
6. Publication date,
7. pp. xxx-xxx.
8. Database, Note: Use italics for names of databases.
9. URL or permalink.

Green, David. "Supporting the Academic Success of Hispanic Students." College Libraries and Student Culture: What We Now Know, edited by Andrew D. Asher and Lynda M. Duke, ALA Editions, 2011. EBSCOhost Academic eBook Collection, http://libproxy.csudh.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=390319.

1. Author. Note: If there is no individual author, begin the citation with "Title of the Page."
2. "Title of Page, Section, or Document."
3. Publisher,
4. URL.

"Citation Guide." LaSalle College Vancouver Library, https://guides.lcvlibrary.com/citation.

1. Author(s). Note: Use the format Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. If there are multiple authors, use and before the last author's name.
2. "Title of the Image." Note: Do this if the image is only available on the web and use headline-style capitalization.
3. Title of the Website, Note: Use headline-style capitalization.
4. Publisher, Note: If the Website name and the Publisher name are the same, omit the Publisher from the entry and keep the Website name.
5. Publication date, Note: Use the formate Date Abbreviated Month Year.
6. URL.

Robinson, Angela. "History Shows Why It's Time for a Black Woman to Sit on the Supreme Court ." The Washington Post, 1 Feb. 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/02/01/history-shows-why-its-time-black-woman-sit-supreme-court/.

Citing an image used in a presentation? See the MLA guide for citing images